President Ronald Reagan’s Remarks at the Baptist Fundamentalism Annual Convention - April 13, 1984

On October 23, 1983 in Beirut, Lebanon, during the Lebanese Civil War, two truck bombs struck separate buildings housing United States and French military forces—members of the Multinational Force in Lebanon—killing 299 American and French servicemen. On that day, one of the first to reach the tragic scene was a chaplain, the chaplain of our 6th Fleet, Rabbi Arnold E. Resnicoff.

President Ronald Reagan’s Remarks at the Baptist Fundamentalism Annual Convention
April 13, 1984

I'm going to read to you another man's words. And they're words that, perhaps, answer what I said a moment ago about whether we sometimes were shaken in our faith and in our beliefs…

He [Resnicoff] said, "I along with Lieutenant Commander George 'Pooch' Pucciarelli, the Catholic chaplain attached to the marine unit, faced a scene almost too horrible to describe. Bodies and pieces of bodies were everywhere. Screams of those injured or trapped were barely audible at first, as our minds struggled to grapple with the reality before us—a massive four-story building, reduced to a pile of rubble; dust mixing with smoke and fire, obscuring our view of the little that was left.

"Because we'd thought that the sound of the explosion was still related to a single rocket or shell, most of the marines had run toward the foxholes and bunkers while we, the chaplains, had gone to the scene of the noise, just in case someone had been wounded. Now, as the news spread quickly throughout the camp—news of the magnitude of the tragedy, news of the need for others to run to the aid of those comrades who still might be alive, marines came from all directions. There was a sense of God's presence that day in the small miracles of life which we encountered in each body that, despite all odds, still had a breath within. But there was more of His presence, more to keep our faith alive, in the heroism and in the humanity of the men who responded to the cries for help. We saw marines risk their own lives again and again as they went into the smoke and the fire to try to pull someone out or as they worked to uncover friends, all the while knowing that further collapse of huge pieces of concrete, precariously perched like dominos, could easily crush the rescuers.

"There was humanity at its best that day and a reminder not to give up the hope and dreams of what the world could be in the tears that could still be shed by these men, regardless of how cynical they had pretended to be before, regardless of how much they might have seen before.  "Certain images will stay with me always," he writes. "I remember a marine who found a wad of money amidst the rubble. He held it at arm's length as if it were dirty and cried out for a match or a lighter so that it could be burned. No one that
day wanted to profit from the suffering of catastrophe. Later the chaplains would put the word out that the money should be collected and given to us, for we were sure that a fund for widows and orphans would ultimately be established. But at that moment, I was hypnotized with the rest of the men and watched as the money was burned."

"Working with the wounded—sometimes comforting, simply letting them know help was on the way; sometimes trying to pull and carry those whose injuries appeared less dangerous in an immediate sense than the approaching fire or the smothering smoke—my kippa was lost. That is the little headgear that is worn by rabbis. The last I remember it, I'd used it to mop someone's brow. Father Pucciarelli, the Catholic chaplain, cut a circle out of his cap—a piece of camouflaged cloth which would become my temporary headcovering.
Somehow he wanted those marines to know not just that we were chaplains, but that he was a Christian and that I was Jewish. Somehow we both wanted to shout the message in a land where people were killing each other—at least partially based on the differences in religion among them—that we, we Americans still believed that we could be proud of our particular religions and yet work side by side when the time came to help others, to comfort, and to ease pain.

"Father Pucciarelli and I worked that day as brothers. The words from the prophet Malachi kept recurring to me—words he'd uttered some 2,500 years ago as he had looked around at fighting and cruelty and pain. 'Have we not all one Father?' he had asked. 'Has not one God created us all?' It was painfully obvious, tragically obvious, that our world still could not show that we had learned to answer, yes. Still, I thought, perhaps some of us can keep the question alive. Some of us can cry out, as the marines did that day, that we
believe the answer is yes.

"Before the bombing, Pooch—that's his name for the other chaplain with him—and I had been in a building perhaps a hundred yards away. There'd been one other chaplain, Lieutenant Danny Wheeler, a Protestant minister who'd spent the night in the building which was attacked. Pooch and I were so sure that he was dead that we had promised each other that when the day came to return to the States we would visit his wife
together. Suddenly, Pooch noticed Danny's stole, what he used to call his Protestant tallith. Because it was far from the area Danny was supposed to have been in, there was cautious hope that perhaps he had been thrown clear, that perhaps he had survived. Later, Danny would tell the story of his terror. He was under the rubble, alive, not knowing what had happened and not knowing how badly he was hurt. Then he heard voices of the marines searching near his stole. And his cry for help was answered with digging, which lasted 4 hours before he was dragged out alive.

"Danny told me later that I treated him like a newborn baby when he came out; that I counted his fingers and toes, trying to see that he was whole. I didn't realize that I was so obvious, but the truth is that we couldn't believe that he was in one piece. I hugged him as they brought over a stretcher. I can still hear his first words. Wracked with pain, still unsure of his own condition, he asked how his clerk was. Like so many of the men
we would save that day, he asked first about others.

"These men, the survivors, still had no idea of the extent of the damage. They still thought that perhaps they'd been in the one area of the building hit by a rocket or mortar. We would wait until later to sit with these men and tell them the truth, to share with them the magnitude of the tragedy. After the living were taken out there was much more work to be done. With the wounded, with those who had survived, there was the strange job of trying to ease a gnawing feeling of guilt that would slowly surface, guilt that they were talking about the guilt that was felt by the men who were alive; the guilt that they had somehow let down their comrades by not dying with them. That is something that happens a great deal in combat.

"So, our job," he said, "was to tell them how every life saved was important to us; how their survival was important to our faith and our hope. They had to give thanks with us that they still had the gift and the responsibility of life which would go on with others, the marines who stayed behind to continue the job of digging—a terrible, horrifying job of collecting human parts for identification and for eventual burial—there was the job of comforting them as they mourned.

"Thankfully, the self-defense mechanism within us took over from time to time and we were able to work without reacting to each and every horror that we would encounter. But suddenly something would trigger our emotions, something would touch our humanity in a way impossible to avoid. For some it would be the finding of a friend's body, someone filled with life only days before. For others, it would be a scrap of paper or a simple belonging, a birthday card or a picture of someone's children which would remind them that this was no abstract body count of 240 military casualties. This was a tragedy of people where each was unique and each had a story. Each had a past and each had been cheated of a future. As the Mishnah puts it, 'Each was a world.' We were not digging up 240. We were digging up one plus one plus one.

"I have a personal memory of two things which brought to my mind images of life, images which haunt me still. One was a packet of three envelopes tied together with a rubber band. On top, under the band, was a note which read, 'To be mailed in case of death.' The other was a Red Cross message delivered the next morning. The American Red Cross is the agency used by many Navy families to communicate medical news from home. This message was a birth announcement. A baby had been born, and we were to deliver the good news. Only now, there was no father whom we could congratulate, no father to whom the news could be conveyed. That message stayed on the chaplains' desk for days. Somehow we couldn't throw it away, so it stayed on the desk and without mentioning it, we all seemed to avoid that desk.

"I stayed in Beirut for 4 more days before finally returning to Italy and to my family. During those days, as the work went on, a marine here or there would send a silent signal that he wanted me, that is, a chaplain, near. Sometimes it was to talk. Sometimes it was so that he could shrug his shoulders or lift his eyes in despair. Sometimes it was just to feel that I was near. For despite the struggles I might be feeling on a personal level, I was a chaplain and, therefore, a symbol that there was room for hope and for dreams, even at the worst of times.

"In our tradition, of course, when we visit the home of a mourner during Shiva, the first week following the death of a loved one, visitors follow a simple rule: If the mourner initiates the conversation, the visitor responds. Otherwise, you sit in silence, communicating concern through your very presence, even without words. Somehow I applied those rules during those days of digging. When a soldier or sailor said something, I responded. Otherwise, I stood by.

"During all of my visits to Beirut, I, along with the other chaplains, spent much time simply speaking with the men. Informal discussions, whether going on while crouched in a foxhole or strolling toward the tents set up for chow, were just as important as anything formal we might set up.

"I remember the first time I jumped in a foxhole, the first time the shells actually fell within the U.S. area. Looking around at the others in there with me, I made the remark that we probably had the only interfaith foxholes in Beirut. The Druze, the Muslims, Christians, all had theirs. The Jewish forces in the Israeli Army had theirs. But we were together. I made the comment then that perhaps if the world had more interfaith foxholes, there might be less of a need for foxholes altogether.

"To understand the role of the chaplain-Jewish, Catholic, or Protestant—is to understand that we try to remind others, and perhaps ourselves as well, to cling to our humanity even in the worst of times. We bring with us the wisdom of men and women whose faith has kept alive their dreams in ages past. We bring with us the images of what the world could be, of what we ourselves might be, drawn from the visions of prophets and the promises of our holy books. We bring with us the truth that faith not only reminds us of the holy in
heaven, but also of the holiness we can create here on Earth. It brings not only a message of what is divine, but also of what it means to be truly human.

"It's too easy to give in to despair in a world sometimes seemingly filled with cruelty and brutality. But we must remember not just the depths to which humans might sink, but also the heights to which they may aspire.

"That October day in Beirut saw men reach heroic heights—indeed, heights of physical endurance and courage to be sure, but heights of sacrifice, of compassion, of kindness, and of simple human decency as well, and, even if the admission might bring a blush to the cheeks of a few of the marines, heights of love.

"Long ago the rabbis offered one interpretation of the Biblical verse which tells us that we're created in the image of God. It does not refer to physical likeness, they explained, but to spiritual potential. We have within us the power to reflect as God's creatures the highest values of our Creator. As God is forgiving and-merciful, so can we be; as He is caring and kind, so must we strive to be; as He is filled with love, so must we be.

"Because of the actions I witnessed during that hell in Beirut, I glimpsed at least a fleeting image of heaven, for in the hearts and hands of men who chose to act as brothers, I glimpsed God's hand as well. I did not stand alone to face a world forsaken by God. I felt I was part of one created with infinite care and wonderful, awesome potential.

"We live in a world where it's not hard to find cause for despair. The chaplain has the challenge to bring to those who often see terror at its worst, some reason for hope. We need to keep faith and to keep searching, even in the worst of times. Only then may we find strength enough to keep believing that the best of times might still be."

These were the words of Lieutenant Commander Resnicoff. I read them because I just felt that all of us—and I know how much you do of this—let us strive to live up to the vision of faith that Chaplain Resnicoff saw that day, and let us never stop praying and working for peace.

Thank God, and thank you, and God bless you all.

Shoftim: In the Same Boat (Rabbi Marshall Klaven)

Once upon a time, three men went fishing in a boat; not one of them could swim. Yet, the best fish were always found in the middle of the lake. So, despite their lack of aquatic training, the three men paddled out to cast their lines. Once in the middle of the lake, the man in the front of the boat cast his line forward. The man, in the rear of the boat, cast his line backward. And, the man in the middle of the boat, well, he started to drill a hole for his line beneath his seat. “Wait!” yelled the man at the front of the boat. “You can’t drill a hole!” screamed the second man. Responding to their cries, the man in the middle stated: “What concern is it of yours? The hole,” he insisted, “is underneath my seat!”

Many of us have likely come across individuals who epitomize this mentality; individuals who forget that we are all in the same boat: the business person who ruthlessly climbs the corporate ladder, the pro-athlete who boasts of his/her achievements in spite of the team effort, and even the child who has yet to learn to share his/her toys. So, rather than perpetuating this mentality through more examples, I would like to share with you a story that highlights a more constructive mentality. It is a story that reminds us – whether we are Jewish, Christian, or Muslim; whether we are Black, White, or Hispanic; whether we are Republicans, Democrats, or Independents – that we reside, at all times, in the same boat. And, because of that reality, we have a responsibility to care for one another. For, by doing so, we truly keep ourselves as well as others afloat.

It was a cold and icy winter night in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. In the black-out conditions, the once cruise-liner now transport ship, the U.S.S. Dorchester slowly made the treacherous journey through ‘torpedo alley’ loaded with its precious cargo, 900 young American soldiers and 4 chaplains: Father John Washington, Reverend Clark Poling, Reverend George Fox, and Rabbi Alexander Goode. Together, these four men of faith brought comfort and levity in a moment that was drenched with tension and fear. But, they could not prevent the inevitable.

In the early morning hours of February 3, 1943 a German U-boat made a direct hit on the Dorchester, crippling it with one massive torpedo. The ship was lost. Those that survived the initial hit frantically scurried from the lower chambers up to the main deck, struggling for their very survival. Amidst the chaotic storm of fear stood firm these four men of faith, who had, throughout the journey, provided comfort. Now, in this harrowing moment, their resolve to fulfill the mandate directed to them by the ultimate Commander-in-Chief, our God above, did not waiver.

Noticing that one young man was without gloves, a chaplain handed him his. “But Chaplain, what about you?”  Reassuring the young man, the chaplain said, “Do not worry, my son. I have another pair.” 

Another man approached, “Chaplain what am I to do? I do not have a jacket. I’m going to freeze to death.” Taking off his, a chaplain said, “Here, take this one. It’ll keep you warm, my son.” “But Chaplain,” asked the young soldier, “won’t you need it?” “Do not worry about that. Go on. I have another one.” 

Rapidly, bit by bit, the Four Chaplains were saving lives, but at the cost of their own; for there were no other jackets, no other gloves. And even after all the extra life-jackets were divvied out, the chaplains took off theirs and gave them to others who were still without one. According to the testimony of one survivor, he was saved when Rabbi Goode, bent down, took out the laces of his own boot, and secured a broken life-jacket around the frightened young man, stating, “Do not worry, my son. God is with you. Go on. Live!”

Without concern for race or religion, these four men made the ultimate sacrifice. They made the fateful decision to give up their space on a life-boat to others, choosing instead to minister to those who remained. Survivors testify to the last unforgettable image of these Four Chaplains. With unshaken faith, the Four Chaplains linked arm-to-arm, each reciting a prayer in his own liturgical tongue. Father Washington said one in Latin. Reverends Poling and Fox recited a prayer in English. And, from Rabbi Goode, the ancient call of our people rang out like a beacon of hope, “Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad / Hear O’ Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One.”^[i]

While tragic, this inspiring story is a true example of the role of the chaplain first spoken of in this Torah portion of Shoftim. “Before you join in battle, the priest shall come forward and address the troops. He shall say to them, ‘Shema Yisrael/Hear O Israel! You, who are about to join in battle against your enemy, let not your courage falter. Do not fear, panic, or be in dread of them. For, it is the Lord your God who marches with you.’” (Deuteronomy 20:2-4).

This priestly act is nothing new. Narratives about the wars of Israel from the time of Moses to David indicate that priests often accompanied the army. For like today’s modern priest, the chaplain’s presence is understood as a physical reminder of the holy. His/her presence is, in a word, a prayer. But, not a prayer - as it may be assumed – petitioning the Holy One to be in our vessel rather than theirs, thereby securing our victory and ensuring their defeat. For, what is unique here is that the priest – unlike all other accounts in the Bible- carries no vessel with him (particularly: the Ark of the Covenant).^[ii]

Therefore, it is to be understood that his prayerful presence is meant to acknowledge this difficult reality: right now we are fighting, fighting one another as if we believed we sat in separate boats. But, we pray, that this will not always be the case. We pray for a day “when swords will be turned into plowshares, spears into pruning hooks; a day when nation shall not lift up sword against nation, nor shall they study war anymore.” (Isaiah 2:4) For, on that day, we will have learned well – what was demonstrated by the Four Chaplains – that we all exist in the same boat. And, thus, when we help keep another afloat, we keep ourselves afloat as well.

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[i] For more information on this story please read Dan Kurzman’s No Greater Glory: The Four Chaplains and the Sinking of the Dorchester in World War II. Random House: New York, 2004.

[ii] As pointed out in Jeffrey Tigay’s commentary to Deuteronomy 20:2. See Etz Chayim: Torah and Commentary. Rabbinical Assembly: New York, 2001.